Charles John Huffam Dickens ( /ˈtʃɑrlz ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters.[1] During his lifetime Dickens' works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, but it was in the twentieth century that his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public.[2][3]
Born into poverty in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors prison. Though he had little formal education, he was driven to succeed because of his impoverished early life. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels and hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, and campaigned for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.
Dickens rocketed to fame with the 1836 serial publication of the Pickwick Papers, and within a few years he became an international literary celebrity known for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication.[4][5] The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback.[6] Though his plots were carefully constructed, Dickens would often weave in elements harvested from topical events into his narratives.[7] Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers.[8]
Dickens was regarded as the 'literary colossus' of his age.[9] His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, is one of the most influential works ever written, and it remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. His creative genius has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to G. K. Chesterton and George Orwell—for its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. Others have been dismissive: Henry James thought his novels betrayed a 'cavalier organisation', that his characters lacked psychological depth, and denied him a premier position as an artist, calling him 'the greatest of superficial novelists.'[10] Virginia Woolf had a love-hate relationship with his works, finding his novels 'mesmerizing' while reproving him for his sentimentalism and a commonplace style
Main article: Charles Dickens bibliography
Charles Dickens published over a dozen major novels, a large number of short stories (including a number of Christmas-themed stories), a handful of plays, and several non-fiction books. Dickens's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats.
Novels
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (Monthly serial, April 1836 to November 1837)[106]
The Adventures of Oliver Twist (Monthly serial in Bentley's Miscellany, February 1837 to April 1839)
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (Monthly serial, April 1838 to October 1839)
The Old Curiosity Shop (Weekly serial in Master Humphrey's Clock, 25 April 1840, to 6 February 1841)
Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty (Weekly serial in Master Humphrey's Clock, 13 February 1841, to 27 November 1841)
The Christmas books:
A Christmas Carol (1843)
The Chimes (1844)
The Cricket on the Hearth (1845)
The Battle of Life (1846)
The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain (1848)
The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit (Monthly serial, January 1843 to July 1844)
Dombey and Son (Monthly serial, October 1846 to April 1848)
David Copperfield (Monthly serial, May 1849 to November 1850)
Bleak House (Monthly serial, March 1852 to September 1853)
Hard Times: For These Times (Weekly serial in Household Words, 1 April 1854, to 12 August 1854)
Little Dorrit (Monthly serial, December 1855 to June 1857)
A Tale of Two Cities (Weekly serial in All the Year Round, 30 April 1859, to 26 November 1859)
Great Expectations (Weekly serial in All the Year Round, 1 December 1860 to 3 August 1861)
Our Mutual Friend (Monthly serial, May 1864 to November 1865)
The Mystery of Edwin Drood (Monthly serial, April 1870 to September 1870. Only six of twelve planned numbers completed)
Short story collections
Sketches by Boz (1836)
The Mudfog Papers (1837) in Bentley's Miscellany magazine
Reprinted Pieces (1861)
The Uncommercial Traveller (1860–1869)
Christmas numbers of Household Words magazine:
What Christmas Is, as We Grow Older (1851)
A Round of Stories by the Christmas Fire (1852)
Another Round of Stories by the Christmas Fire (1853)
The Seven Poor Travellers (1854)
The Holly-Tree Inn (1855)
The Wreck of the "Golden Mary" (1856)
The Perils of Certain English Prisoners (1857)
A House to Let (1858)
Christmas numbers of All the Year Round magazine:
The Haunted House (1859)
A Message from the Sea (1860)
Tom Tiddler's Ground (1861)
Somebody's Luggage (1862)
Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings (1863)
Mrs. Lirriper's Legacy (1864)
Doctor Marigold's Prescriptions (1865)
Mugby Junction (1866)
No Thoroughfare (1867)
Selected non-fiction, poetry, and plays
The Village Coquettes (Plays, 1836)
The Fine Old English Gentleman (poetry, 1841)
Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi (1838)
American Notes: For General Circulation (1842)
Pictures from Italy (1846)
The Life of Our Lord: As written for his children (1849)
A Child's History of England (1853)
The Frozen Deep (play, 1857)
Speeches, Letters and Sayings (1870)
Portraits
Painting of Dickens in Boston 1842.
Photograph of the author, c. 1850.
Photograph of Charles Dickens 1853.
Dickens painted by Ary Scheffer, 1855. Dickens wrote to John Forster of the experience: "I can scarcely express how uneasy and unsettled it makes me to sit, sit, sit, with Little Dorrit on my mind."
Dickens circa 1860s.
Photograph of Dickens taken by Jeremiah Gurney & Son, New York, 1867.
Notes
^ Black 2007, p. 735.
^ Mazzeno 2008, p. 76.
^ Chesterton 2007, pp. 100-126
^ Grossman 2012, p. 54
^ Lodge 2002, p. 118.
^ Lodge 2002, p. 118.
^ Stone 1987, pp. 267-268
^ Hauser 1999, p. 116.
^ Cain 2008, p. 1.
^ Mazzeno & 2008 pp.23-4.
^ Mazzeno 2008, p. 67.
^ Forster 2006, p. 13.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 22-24:29-30.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 41.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 76:'recklessly improvident'.
^ Pope-Hennessy 1945, p. 11.
^ Forster 2006, p. 27.
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 76.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 53.
^ Forster 2006, pp. 23-4.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 58.
^ Cain 2008, p. 91.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 61.
^ Pope-Hennessy 1945, p. 18.
^ Wilson 1972, p. 64.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 225-229:p=227
^ Jones 2004, p. 7
^ Moore 2004, pp. 44-5
^ Colledge 2009, p. 87
^ Ackroyd 1990, p. 533-534.
^ Nayder 2011, p. 148.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 249;530-538:549-550:575.
^ Hartley 2009, pp. ?.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 628:634-538
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 648,686-687:772-773
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 32:723:750
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 788-799.
^ Furneaux 2011, pp. 190-191
^ Page 1999, p. 261.
^ Jones 2004, pp. 80-81
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 801,l804
^ Page, p. 260-263 for excerpts from the speech.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 809-814
^ Sutherland 1990, p. 185.
^ a b The New York Public Library, Berg Collection of English and American Literature
^ Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald. "Charles Dickens in the Editor's Chair". Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ Tomalin (1995). "The Invisible Woman: The Story of Charles Dickens and Nelly Ternan". Retrieved 13 March 2009.
^ "History of the Ghost Club". Retrieved 30 July 2009.
^ Slater (2004)
^ Kenneth T. Jackson: The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. P. 333.
^ Benson, Kenneth. "The Great Magician Vanishes". Charles Dickens: The Life of the Author. New York, NY, USA: New York Public Library. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
^ The British Academy/The Pilgrim Edition of the Letters of Charles Dickens: Volume 12: 1868–1870
^ "Luke Fildes". TheFamousArtists.com.
^ "Letter 293: To Theo van Gogh. The Hague, on or about Monday, 11 December 1882". Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. Van Gogh Museum. Note 7. "... that striking drawing ..."
^ Staff writers (2007). "Charles Dickens". History. The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 12 July 2009. "A small stone with a simple inscription marks the grave of this famous English novelist in Poets' Corner: 'Charles Dickens Born 7 February 1812 Died 9 June 1870' "
^ "Printed at J. H. Woodley's Funeral Tablet Office, 30 Fore Street, City, London." and reproduced on page 4, A Christmas Carol Study Guide by Patti Kirkpatrick, Education Department, Dallas Theater Center.
^ Ackroyd 1990, pp. 1077-1078. In his obituary published in The Times, Dickens's last words were allegedly: "Be natural my children. For the writer that is natural has fulfilled all the rules of Art." Green, J. (1979), Famous Last Words, Enderby, Leicester, Silverdale Books, ISBN 0-82563-930-1
^ New York Public Library, Berg Collection
^ Austen, Jane. Northanger Abbey.
^ Charles Dickens and His Original Illustrators by Jane R. Cohen. Ohio State University Press
^ The Essays of Virginia Woolf ed. by Andrew McNellie. Hogarth Press 1986
^ Everybody in Dickens by George Newlin
^ Dickens and women by Michael Slater
^ a b c Mendelsohn, Ezra (1996). Literary strategies: Jewish texts and contexts. Studies in Contemporary Jewry. XII. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 221. ISBN 0-19-511203-2.
^ Tillotson, Kathleen (ed); Gill, Stephen (1999). Oxford World's Classics: Oliver Twist. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. xxii. ISBN 0-19-283339-1.
^ HP-Time.com;Christopher Porterfield (28 December 1970). "Boz Will Be Boz – TIME". TIME^ "A Dickens of a fuss – theage.com.au". The Age. Australia. 29 June 2003. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
^ McGrath, Charles (2 July 2006). "And They All Died Happily Ever After". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ Dickens, Charles. Harry Stone. Dickens' working notes for his novels. University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-14590-5
^ In conversation with Ada Leverson. Quoted in Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), p. 469.
^ G. K. Chesterton, Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens, Chapter 6: Curiosity Shop
^ Swift, Simon. "What the Dickens?", The Guardian, 18 April 2007.
^ Charles Dickens as writer at the Internet Movie Database accessdate 2 June 2009
^ Robertson Cochrane. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. p.126 University of Toronto Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8020-7752-8
^ Joe L. Wheeler. Christmas in my heart, Volume 10. p.97. Review and Herald Pub Assoc, 2001. ISBN 0-8280-1622-4
^ excerpt read by William Makepeace Thackeray, New York City (1852)
^ Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Christmas Carol. W.W. Norton and Co. ISBN 0-393-05158-7
^ Les Standiford. The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits, Crown, 2008. ISBN 978-0-307-40578-4
^ Richard Michael Kelly. A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press, 2003.
^ Ronald Hutton; Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
^ Richard Michael Kelly (ed.) (2003), A Christmas Carol.pp.9,12 Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press ISBN 1-55111-476-3
^ Broadway.com on A Tale of Two Cities: "Since its inaugural publication on 30 August 1859, A Tale of Two Cities has sold over 200 million copies in several languages, making it one of the most famous books in the history of fictional literature." (24 March 2008)
^ Marx, Karl (1 August 1854). "The English Middle Classes". New York Tribune. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 June 2007.
^ The Big Read: Top 100 Books BBC Retrieved 2 April 2011
^ Pointer, Michael (1996) Charles Dickens on the screen: the film, television, and video adaptations p.202. Scarecrow Press, 1996
^ Benton, John. "The Mystery of Charles Dickens: A review of a one-man show starring Simon Callow". Evangelicals Now. Evangelicals Now. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Scott, Kelly (7 February 2012). "Tour Charles Dickens' London with actor Simon Callow". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Callow, Simon (2012). Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World [Hardcover]. HarperPress (2 Feb 2012). ISBN 0-00-744530-X.
^ Anon. "Live webchat: Simon Callow on Charles Dickens". Charles Dickens at 200. The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ For example published author Sue Wilkes describes him on her personal blog as "Champion of the poor" [1] Dickens critique of the "stone-cold" heart of the upper classes is discussed in this review of the 2012 television presentation of Great Expectations [2]
^ Joshi 2011, pp. 297-299.
^ Kastan, David Scott (2006). Oxford Encyclopedia of English Literature, vol 1. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-19-516921-2, 9780195169218
^ Stewart, Nicholas; Litvak, Dr. Leon. ""The Perils of Certain English Prisoners": Dickens' Defensive Fantasy of Imperial Stability". School of English, Queens University of Belfast.. Retrieved 2009, 22 September.
^ Grace Moore, "Reappraising Dickens's 'Noble Savage'", The Dickensian 98:458 (2002): 236-243
^ Grace Moore, Dickens and Empire: Discourses Of Class, Race And Colonialism In The Works Of Charles Dickens (Nineteenth Century Series) (Ashgate: 2004).
^ Unnamed writer (January 1849). "The Haunted Man review". Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal (Edinburgh) vi: 423. "Mr Dickens, as if in revenge for his own queer name, does bestow still queerer ones upon his fictitious creations."
^ John Bowen (2000) Other Dickens: Pickwick to Chuzzlewit, ISBN 0-19-926140-7, p. 36
^ "Augustus Dickens" in The Chicago Herald, 19 February 1895
^ "Charles Dickens at the V&A". Vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
^ "Eastgate House — Historic House / Palace in Rochester, Medway Towns". Visit Medway. Rochester, Kent, UK: Medway Visitor Information Centre. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
^ Hart, Christopher (20 May 2007). "What, the Dickens World?". The Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved 2 June 2007.
^ Exhibition in focus: Dickens and London, the Museum of London The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 February 2012
^ > The Great Dickens Christmas Fair San Francisco
^ "The Greater Port Jefferson-Northern Brookhaven Arts Counci". Gpjac.org. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
^ "Withdrawn banknotes reference guide". Bank of England. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
^ Serial publication dates from Chronology of Novels by E. D. H. Johnson, Holmes Professor of Belles Lettres, Princeton University. Retrieved 11 June 2007.
References
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/dickens_charles.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens#Notable_workshttp://www.online-literature.com/dickens/http://charlesdickenspage.com/http://www.dickensmuseum.com/A Charles Dickens Devotional. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4003-1954-1.
Ackroyd, Peter (1990). Dickens. London: Sinclar-Stevenson. ISBN 1-85619-000-5. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Black, Joseph Laurence (2007). "Charles Dickens". In Black, Joseph Laurence. The age of romanticism. The Victorian era. The twentieth century and beyond. The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. 2. Broadview Press. pp. 735-743. ISBN 978-1-551-11869-7. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Cain, Lynn (2008). Dickens, family, authorship: psychoanalytic perspectives on kinship and creativity. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-754-66180-1. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Chesterton, G. K. (2005) [1906]. Charles Dickens: A Critical Study. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-417-91996-3. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Colledge, Gary L (2009). God and Charles Dickens. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-441-23778-1. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Drabble, Margaret (ed.), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, (1997), Oxford University Press
Glavin, John. (ed.) Dickens on Screen,(2003), New York: Cambridge University Press.
Forster, John (2006) [1872-1874]. Life of Charles Dickens. London: Diderot Publishing. ISBN 978-9-077-93203-2. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Furneaux, Holly (2011). "Childhood". In Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly. Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186-193. ISBN 978-0-521-88700-7. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Grossman, Jonathan H. (2012). Charles Dickens's Networks: Public Transport and the Novel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-64419-3. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Hartley, Jenny (2009). Charles Dickens and The House of Fallen Women. LOndon: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-77643-3. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Hauser, Arnold (1999) [1951]. The Social History of Art: Naturalism, impressionism, the film age. The Social History of Art. 4. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-19948-3. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Jones, Richard (2004). Walking Dickensian London. Globetrotter walking guides. London: New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-843-30483-8. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Joshi, Prithi (2011). "Race". In Ledger, Sally; Furneaux, Holly. Dickens in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292-300. ISBN 978-0-521-88700-7. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: A Biography William Morros, 1988
Lewis, Peter R. Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847, Tempus (2007) for a discussion of the Staplehurst accident, and its influence on Dickens.
Lodge, David (2002). Consciousness and the Novel. Harvard, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00949-3. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Mazzeno, Laurence W. (2008). The Dickens industry: critical perspectives 1836-2005. Studies in European and American literature and culture. Literary criticism in perspective. Camden House. ISBN 978-1-571-13317-5. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Moore, Grace (2004). Dickens and Empire:Discourses of Class, Race and Colonialism in the Works of Charles Dickens. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-3412-6. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Meckier, Jerome. Innocent Abroad: Charles Dickens' American Engagements University Press of Kentucky, 1990
Moss, Sidney P. Charles Dickens' Quarrel with America (New York: Whitson, 1984).
Nayder, Lillian (2011). The other Dickens: a life of Catherine Hogarth. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-44787-7. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Page, Norman (1999). Charles Dickens:Family History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22233-4. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Patten, Robert L. (ed.) The Pickwick Papers (Introduction), (1978), Penguin Books.
Pope-Hennessy, Una (1945). Charles Dickens 1812–1870. Chatto and Windus.
Slater, Michael. "Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812 – 1870)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
Slater, Michael. Charles Dickens: A Life Defined by Writing, 2009 New Haven/London: Yale University Press ISBN 978-0-300-11207-8 [3]
Stone, Harry (1987). Dickens' working notes for his novels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-14590-7. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
[[John Sutherland |Sutherland, John]] (1990). The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-71842-4. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Wilson, Angus (1972). The World of Charles Dickens. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-02026-3. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
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